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https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-015-0033-6

Military Medical Research – Effects of microwave radiation on brain energy metabolism and related mechanisms, Published: 17 February 2015

==> Abstract – With the rapid development of electronic technologies, anxiety regarding the potential health hazards induced by microwave radiation (MW) has been growing in recent years. The brain is one of the most sensitive target organs for microwave radiation, where mitochondrial injury occurs earlier and more severely than in other organs. Energy metabolism disorders do play an important role during the process of microwave radiation-induced brain damage. In this paper, we will review the biological effects of microwave radiation, the features of brain energy supply and consumption and the effects of microwave radiation on mitochondrial energy metabolism and potential related mechanisms.

==> Introduction – Microwaves (MW), electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, have been widely used in the telecommunications, agriculture, transportation, medical and military fields. The popularization of mobile phones, computers, household appliances and other electronic equipment has made learning, working and accessing entertainment much more convenient. With the intensive development of various advanced military weaponry equipment, such as early warning aircraft, electronic jammers and new RADAR, soldiers are always exposed to intricate environmental factors, including intensive and complex MW radiation. As the fourth largest source of pollution after air, water and noise, MW radiation induces many biological effects [1]. The brain is the most sensitive target organ for MW radiation, where mitochondrial injury occurs earlier and more severely than in other organs. Studies on the effects of MW radiation on brain energy metabolism have aroused great concern.

==> Review – Biological effects of MW radiation – The biological effects of MW radiation fall into two types: thermal and non-thermal effects [2,3]. Both are present, with thermal effects prominent in the case of high-power and high-frequency MW radiation and non-thermal effects predominant in the case of low-power MW radiation [4]. MW radiation has multi-faceted effects on many systems within an organism, including the nervous [5-7], endocrine [8], cardiovascular [9], immune [10,11], reproductive [12-14] and hematopoietic [15] systems. The brain always requires a high rate of oxygen and energy consumption to maintain regular functions. Therefore, this organ is sensitive to non-infectious stimuli such as ionizing radiation and hypoxia [16,17]. Research from our group and from others has demonstrated that microwave radiation damages hippocampal structures in rats, impairs long-term potentiation, decreases neurotransmitter concentrations, reduces synaptic vesicles in number and results in memory impairment [5,18,19]. Thus, the brain is generally accepted as the most sensitive target organ for MW radiation.

==> The damaging effects of MW radiation on the brain include brain dysfunction and brain structural damage. An epidemiological survey found that MW radiation caused human fatigue, headache, excitement, dreams, memory loss and other symptoms of neurasthenia [20]. In addition, there were impaired learning and memory abilities in rats after MW radiation, as determined by the Morris water maze [5,6,21,22]. MW radiation may also lead to neuronal shrinkage, nuclear condensation, mitochondrial swelling, an expanded endoplasmic reticulum, alterations to the synaptic gaps and widened vascular endothelial connections, where mitochondrial injury occurred earlier and more severely [5,21,23-25].

==> Features of brain energy metabolism – In the human body, the brain has the greatest demand for oxygen and is susceptible to disturbances in energy metabolism, which is determined by its high metabolic rate, high oxygen consumption and low energy reserves. Mitochondria are the key sites of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The redox enzymes and the coenzymes involved in the respiratory chain lie in the mitochondrial inner membrane in close proximity. Electrons passing through the respiratory chain drive protons from the matrix side to the cytoplasmic side across the mitochondrial inner membrane. When protons reflux along the concentration gradient, the energy released is used by ATP synthase to catalyze ATP synthesis.

==> Effects of MW radiation on mitochondrial energy metabolism – MW radiation is detrimental to brain energy metabolism. Intrinsically, neurons are extremely sensitive to a reduced ATP availability. As the main source of energy, mitochondria are prone to MW radiation-induced injury. Wang et al. [26] exposed monkeys to MW radiation with average power densities of 5 mW/cm2 and 11 mW/cm2 for 10 s and 4.68 μW/cm2 for 12 h/d for 30 d cumulatively. Abnormalities in mitochondrial function-related metabolites in urine, such as succinic acid, citric acid and 2-keto-glutaric acid, were induced after a single radiation event of 5 mW/cm2 and 11 mW/cm2 and after a long-term radiation of 4.68 μW/cm2, revealing by metabolomics the hypersensitivity of mitochondria to MW radiation.

==> Effects of MW radiation on mitochondrial structure – MW radiation leads to mitochondrial structural damage, primarily observed as mitochondrial swelling and cavitation and disorganized, broken and sparse cristae.

==> Conclusion – To date, the damaging effects of MW radiation on mitochondrial structure and function have been recognized, and studies at the cellular and molecular level on the related mechanisms have also made advances, enabling a number of potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of MW radiation to be proposed.

==> The following issues are present in this sphere of research:

(a) MW radiation-induced disturbance of brain energy metabolism involves numerous parameters, such as the dose, time and frequency, which need to be explored further;

(b) the biological effects of MW radiation are widespread, involving varieties of signaling pathways, and the present review is confined to investigating single signaling pathways and unable to analyze the effects of cross-talk between the various signaling pathways;

(c) there are no specific markers for evaluating MW radiation damage effects and no effective molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of their injuries;

(d) the after effects of MW radiation-induced mitochondrial damage are still unclear, and its correlation with mitochondria-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, requires further study. The lack of identical standards among different laboratories creates a barrier for further development and exchange of information.

Taken together, this review on the effects of MW radiation on brain energy metabolism and the associated regulation mechanisms, molecular markers, drug targets and prevention measures shows the need for continued research efforts in this area.

Effects of microwave radiation on brain energy metabolism and related mechanisms. Military Med Res 2, 4 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-015-0033-6

Received21 October 2014, Accepted29 January 2015, Published17 February 2015 DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-015-0033-6

Military Medical Research: ISSN: 2054-9369

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