Anyone who belongs to the group of people at risk of diabetes should have their family doctor clarify whether they already have diabetes or a pre-stage diabetes. In addition to measuring blood pressure and determining body weight and size, blood sampling is very important to check blood sugar levels and blood lipids. If a fasting blood sugar value of less than 110 mg / dl is measured, there is usually no diabetes. Nevertheless, all people at risk of diabetes are recommended to have their blood sugar checked regularly once a year as part of a medical check-up.

If the blood sugar level is at least 126 mg / dl , diabetes is considered very likely. For the final clarification, the blood sugar measurement is repeated again on another day. If the second blood sugar level is also increased, the diagnosis of diabetes is considered certain. For this blood test, which is usually carried out in the morning, the patient must appear sober. This means that at least 8 hours, better still 10 hours before the blood is drawn, you should not eat anything, nor should you drink calorie drinks, coffee or tea. Smoking should also be avoided.

Blood sugar values between 110 and 125 mg / dl are considered borderline. A pre-diabetes stage could already exist here. In these cases, experts speak of a disturbed glucose tolerance. A sugar exposure test [ oGTT ] can be carried out to check whether there is such a pre-diabetes stage . For more information, see Reference symbolLaboratory Services .

As diabetes mellitus (= diabetes) is called health disorders in which blood glucose levels are permanently too high. It is a metabolic disorder with different causes.

The fasting blood sugar level is usually less than 100 mmg / dl and rises to a maximum of 140 mg / dl after eating. If the blood values ​​are higher, there are many indications that the sugar cannot be absorbed into the body's cells to a sufficient extent and that diabetes is suspected.

A diabetes that is recognized too late or inadequately set is generally associated with the risk of serious comorbidities and complications. There are two types of diabetes:

In the case of type 1 diabetes , it is often an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells (= beta cells) of the pancreas as part of an inflammatory reaction, as a result of which the body has little or no insulin available stands.

When type 2 diabetes is a disorder, in which insulin in place, at his destination, the cell membrane, but can not work properly - it also speaks of insulin resistance . In the first few years of illness, the pancreas can compensate for this by producing high amounts of insulin. At some point, however, the pancreas can no longer maintain excessive insulin production. The amount of insulin produced is then no longer sufficient to control the blood sugar level. So there is a so-called relative insulin deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus becomes clear.

A patient with type 2 diabetes produces much more of the body's own insulin than the metabolically healthy. Due to the high insulin resistance, the blood sugar still rises. In the later course, a relative deficiency leads to an absolute insulin deficiency in some cases.
Who is at risk
Type 2 diabetes are:

all persons who are 45 years or older,
all persons who are younger than 45 years and for whom at least one of the following criteria applies:

There is overweight (BMI greater than or equal to 27 kg / m2);
A first-class relative (father, mother, sibling, child) already has type 2 diabetes;
In women: a child was born with a birth weight of more than 4,000 grams or gestational diabetes has been diagnosed in the past;
There is high blood pressure;
There is a diabetes-typical fat metabolism disorder (HDL cholesterol too low, triglycerides too high);
An earlier study found borderline fasting fasting blood sugar or high blood sugar levels after eating. In the latter case, one also speaks of a disturbed glucose tolerance, which is considered the precursor of type 2 diabetes.

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