arental substance abuse is an element of the definition of child abuse or neglect in some States.14 14 For summaries of statutes and a more complete discussion of this issue, see Information Gateway’s Parental Drug Use as Child Abuse at https://www. childwelfare.gov/topics/systemwide/laws-policies/statutes/drugexposed/. Circumstances that are considered abuse or neglect in some States include: ƒ Prenatal exposure of a child to harm due to the mother’s use of an illegal drug or other substance (14 States and the District of Columbia)15 15 Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. ƒ Manufacture of a controlled substance in the presence of a child or on the premises occupied by a child (12 States)16 16 Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, and Washington. ƒ Allowing a child to be present where the chemicals or equipment for the manufacture of controlled substances are used or stored (three States)17 17 Arizona, Arkansas, and Washington. ƒ Selling, distributing, or giving drugs or alcohol to a child (seven States and Guam)18 18 Arkansas, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Minnesota, Ohio, and Texas. ƒ Use of a controlled substance by a caregiver that impairs the caregiver’s ability to adequately care for the child