Obviously, you cannot believe everything you read!
But I hope I have something worthy of your time on the list below.
First, thanks VERY MUCH to those who have signed the petition since my last update.
There are 300+ lead service lines remaining in Brockville, so it would seem appropriate to reach at least that many signatures - but really the goal here is public information.
On that point, you might even catch a local interview of "yours truly" on Cogeco TV soon, if you are a subscriber. But no interview can do this topic justice.
I have promised in previous updates to provide a short list of suggestions to help anyone trying to navigate "too much information". The problem, of course, is that I keep finding more articles on the subject - but promises are promises.
So, when you are finally tired of hearing about tariff-this and retaliatory-that, take a break and turn your attention back to the ol' lead pipe dilemma for some mental refreshment! (Leave trail of breadcrumbs, though - because you can kind of get lost in this stuff!) You are your own best advocate, and to be prepared, you may need to do some reading.
Here are some references for those interested in digging deeper, each with a link, a brief description and some important snippets in case you just want to skim through.
LOCAL:
New program could fund Brockville sewage plant
Ronald Zajac, Brockville Recorder and Times, Jan 21, 2025
Link: https://www.recorder.ca/news/new-program-could-fund-brockville-sewage-plant
Description: Announcement of a new infrastructure funding stream that is not directly tied to the creation of new housing … that maintaining infrastructure is also important.
“Ontario Infrastructure Minister Kinga Surma announced the government is opening applications for a $175-million Health and Safety Water Stream, part of the province’s Municipal Housing Infrastructure Program (MHIP).”
“Clark’s office later confirmed successful projects will be funded to 70 per cent by the provincial government, while 30 per cent will come from the municipal level.”
“Proper maintenance of our water and wastewater infrastructure is critical for protecting our homes and businesses and ensuring communities have access to clean drinking water.”
“Municipalities will be able to apply for the program starting Feb. 12, Leeds-Grenville-Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes MPP Steve Clark said Tuesday morning.”
PROVINCIAL:
Health and Safety Water Stream
Link: https://www.ontario.ca/page/health-and-safety-water-stream
Description: Communities can get funding for water infrastructure projects to improve public health and safety.
“…will help municipalities and First Nations build, rehabilitate and expand aging water, wastewater, stormwater, flood and erosion infrastructure.”
“ …175 million in funding through the Health and Safety Water Stream under the Municipal Housing Infrastructure Program.”
“Information for Property Owners about Lead Water Service Line Replacement”
Link - https://www.ontario.ca/page/information-property-owners-about-lead-water-service-line-replacement
Description: Public information posted by the Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks.
“The purpose of this fact sheet is to provide information to property owners on the benefits of replacing a lead water service line on their property when municipalities replace the portion of the line located on theirs.”
“Municipalities are responsible for the portion of the service line up to the property line, and property owners are responsible for that portion of the line on their property.”
“Municipal coordination of the full replacement can mean a reduced cost to the property owner and is also the best way to minimize overall health risks to users of water in the building.”
“…research shows that replacing only a portion of the lead service line may actually make lead problems worse, especially right after the partial replacement is completed. This is because the work done while replacing the municipal portion can shake loose lead particles that can then enter the drinking water.”
CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ASSOCIATION
Application for Review of Lead in Drinking Water Standard under the Environmental Bill of Rights, May 8, 2024
“Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) and the Ontario Municipal Water Association (OMWA) call on the provincial government to reduce the amount of lead allowed in our drinking water. CELA and OMWA have made the request under the Environmental Bill of Rights, along with recommendations for mandatory municipal plans to map lead service lines (LSLs) and remove them by 2030.
ONTARIO MUNICIPAL WATER ASSOCIATION
OMWA issues statement on lead April 26, 2017
Link: https://omwa.org/omwa-issues-statement-on-lead/
It is the position of the Ontario Municipal Water Association that there is a general lack of a holistic approach and comprehensive program that addresses the issue of lead in drinking water. The requirement for a corrosion control plan and other mitigation strategies does not address the issue at its source; most lead in drinking water comes from lead services between the municipal distribution system and the point of consumption. Until such time as the lead services are removed, lead in drinking water will continue to be a significant risk to human health which will only be minimally addressed through various mitigation measures.
Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards
Link - https://www.canlii.org/en/on/laws/regu/o-reg-169-03/latest/o-reg-169-03.html
Description: Regulation for Ontario drinking water standards under the Safe Water Drinking Act
O. Reg. 170/03: DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
Link - https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/030170
Description: Regulation for Ontario drinking water systems under the Safe Water Drinking Act
Schools, Private Schools and Child Care Centres, under Safe Water Drinking Act 2002
Link - https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/070243
Description: Regulation for flushing, testing and reporting lead content in drinking water
“ The operator of a school, private school or child care centre from which a sample is taken under this section shall ensure that the sample is tested for lead. “
“ The following standards are the standards mentioned in the definition of “certified for lead reduction” in subsection (1.0.1):
1. NSF/ANSI 53: Drinking Water Treatment Units - Health Effects.
2. NSF/ANSI 58: Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment Systems.
3. NSF/ANSI 62: Drinking Water Distillation Systems.”
Flushing and sampling for lead -Rules for schools, private schools and child care centres to flush plumbing and test drinking water for lead.
Link - https://www.ontario.ca/page/flushing-and-sampling-lead
Description: Contradictory guidance from ONTARIO.CA
Contains potentially misleading statements demonstrating that some government agencies in Ontario continue to downplay the health hazards of lead in drinking water: ie. “Drinking water, especially from schools or child care centres, generally accounts for a small fraction of total lead exposure” and “The potential effects of lead at the current standard of 10 micrograms per litre are very subtle and are not detectable on an individual level.”
[PK comment: If that were all true, where should we assume the rest of kids’ lead exposure coming from? Home, of course. And individual effects being “subtle” sounds a lot like the government is willing to accept that risk to your children on your behalf, to say nothing of the long-term cumulative societal effect of lower IQ, behavioural issues, health problems, etc.]
Comparison of Various Municipal Approaches in Ontario
https://wwwdurham.ca/en/living-here/lead-service-replacement-program.aspx
https://wwwwelland.ca/Building/LASSR.asp
https://wwwtoronto.ca/home/311-toronto-at-your-service/find-service-information/article/?kb=kA06g000001cwSgCAI
https://ottawa.ca/en/living-ottawa/drinking-water-stormwater-and-wastewater/drinking-water/drinking-water-programs/lead-pipe-replacement-program
https://wwwhamilton.ca/home-neighbourhood/house-home/home-water-services/lead-water-service-replacement
https://wwwbrantford.ca/en/living-here/lead-pipe-replacement-grant.aspx
https://wwwbrantford.ca/en/living-here/lead-in-tap-water.aspx
Windsor https://enwin.com/water/water-system-information/lead-services
https://guelph.ca/living/environment/water/rebates/replacement-program/
https://wwwsarnia.ca/living-here/water-wastewater/lead-reduction/
https://www.theobserver.ca/news/local-news/city-ofsarnia-covering-lead-service-line-replacement-costs
https://www.theobserver.ca/news/local-news/sarnia-nearing-the-end-of-lead-service-line-replacement-work
https://wwwhamilton.ca/home-neighbourhood/house-home/home-water-services/water-service-line-replacement
https://wwwgananoque.ca/town-hall/public-notices/implementation-of-the-interest-free-lead-water-service-line-replacement-programlead-sampling-program
https://wwwsmithsfalls.ca/en/our-community/drinking-water.aspx
https://wwwsmithsfalls.ca/en/town-hall/service-line-warranties-of-canada.aspx
https://wwwsmithsfalls.ca/en/our-community/resources/Documents/Health-Canada-Guide---Lead-in-Drinking-Water-Systems.pdf
Description: Municipal website information about programs and services related to lead pipes
“In the City of Peterborough, all known lead service lines (from the water main to the property line) have been replaced with copper. “
NATIONAL:
Lead - information sheet
Description: Government of Canada website page
“Lead is a toxic substance under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999)”
“Health Canada conducted an assessment of the most current science on lead and consolidated the Final Human Health State of the Science Report on Lead which was published in 2013,…”
“In humans, exposure to lead is associated with harmful effects on the brain, heart, and kidneys, and to reproduction. While lead can be harmful to people of all ages, infants and children, and pregnant women and the fetus, are especially susceptible to lead exposure.”
Drinking water: what about lead?
Description: Government of Canada website page
“Some homes may have a lead service line – the pipe connecting the house plumbing to the water main – the National Plumbing Code allowed lead as a material in pipes until 1975”
“Exposure to lead poses a risk to everyone’s health… Effects on neurological development and behaviour in children, including reduction of intelligence quotient (IQ) Increased blood pressure or kidney problems in adults”
“Ask your municipality or water utility about any programs or incentives for replacing lead service lines”
The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality
Description: provides technical guidance to help municipalities and utilities minimize the occurrence of lead in drinking water.”
Water Talk - Lead in drinking water
Description: Government of Canada webpage about lead in drinking water
“Drinking water that contains lead, even for a short time, can be a health risk.”
“Health Canada worked with provinces, territorial and other federal departments to lower its new guideline value for lead in drinking water to 0.005 milligrams per litre (mg/L).”
“Lead can be passed from a: pregnant mother to her fetus - mother's breast milk to a baby”
“Since water treatment devices require ongoing maintenance, such as the regular replacement of filters, they are not considered permanent solutions.”
“Replacing the lead service lines to your home and any lead interior pipes or fittings is the most effective, and permanent, way to reduce lead from your drinking water.”
“Some municipalities have established programs where residents can replace their portion of the service line at the same time that the main service lines are replaced, for a reduced cost.”
Fact Sheet on Lead (Pb)
Link: https://cwwa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Fact-Sheet-on-Lead.pdf
Description: summary sheet from Canadian Water and Wastewater Association (2019)
“lead is of greatest concern for pregnant women and young children”
“In general, water that is treated and distributed in municipal systems is lead-free… However, drinking water can come into contact with lead in the ‘service lines’”
“the National Plumbing Code permitted the use of lead until 1975 and lead solder until 1986.”
“…municipalities have often conducted partial replacements - replacing the service line only from the water main to the property line. However, recent studies have suggested such partial replacements can temporarily cause greater potential risk by cutting into pipes and disturbing the lead.”
“Meanwhile, we adjust the chemistry of the water leaving the treatment plant to minimize its reaction with any lead remaining in service lines or plumbing fittings. This is known as ‘corrosion control’.
“More recent research has indicated that lead can have harmful effects at extremely low levels, which has prompted the federal government to lower the recommended Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) of lead in drinking water from 0.01 mg/L to just 0.005 mg/L.”
“Municipal utilities will be held responsible for the quality of the water tested from a consumer’s tap within their premises as opposed to testing the water that is delivered to their property line.”
“It could be mandatory for the presence of Lead to be identified in home inspections so the potential home buyer can be made aware as this is a greater concern to those who are pregnant or with young children (similar to identifying asbestos, or UFFI insulation)”
“The federal and provincial governments need to identify specific funds to support municipal costs… to consider financial incentives to property owners to take action, either through grants or tax rebates”
Strategies for Reducing Lead in Canada’s Drinking Water
Link: https://cwn-rce.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CWN-EN-Prevost-2014-5pager-Web.pdf
Description: Canadian Water Network (2018-2019) report - a national project to inform decision-making and practice on lead management in drinking water in municipalities across Canada.
“… changes in 2019 to the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines by Health Canada will reduce the maximum acceptable concentration of lead in drinking water from 10 to 5 µg/L.”
LEAD IN TAP WATER: Assessing Consumer Exposure and Identifying Corrective Actions
Link - https://cwn-rce.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CWN-EN-Prevost-2014-5pager-Web.pdf
Description: Report from research conducted 2008 – 2012 by DR. MICHÈLE PRÉVOST, Professor and NSERC Industrial Chair in Drinking Water, POLYTECHNIQUE MONTRÉAL
“Recent findings show that there is no safe level of exposure to lead, and that effects on IQ are measurable even at blood lead levels (BLLs) which were traditionally considered to be safe. As a result, regulations are becoming more stringent for tolerable BLL (reduced from 10 to 5 μg/dL) and for lead levels in drinking water (CDC 2012).”
“Full replacement of LSLs is considered the best option to eliminate lead at the source and prevent future events of lead release resulting from scale disruption.”
“Studies have shown that the connection of copper to lead pipe following a PLSLR [partial lead service line replacement] can markedly increase lead levels at the tap.”
“Public health advisories should be mailed to households with an LSL before the critical period of summer, especially in single-family detached homes.”
“Industry-certified point-of-use filtration is an efficient temporary measure to reduce water lead levels.”
“Single-family homes should be prioritized for full LSL replacements,...”
“Incentives supported by utilities and regulators should be put in place to actively promote and facilitate full LSL replacements.”
CANADIAN MEDIA:
Is there lead in your tap water? Canada-wide investigation exposes dangerous levels of toxic metal
Robert Crib et al, Toronto Star Nov 2019
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KsB8TDPvl8
“A year-long investigation by more than 120 journalists from nine universities and 10 media organizations collected 12,000 test results that measure exposure to lead in 11 cities across Canada — 33 per cent exceeded the national safety guideline of 5 parts per billion.”
Lead in the water: Tens of thousands of Canadian households still have toxic pipes
Anna Mehler Paperny, Global News, January 2016
“Lead adversely affects those that are most vulnerable in our society: infants, children and pregnant women,” reads a Toronto Board of Health report.”
Do you have lead in your tap water? What you can do to find out in Ontario
Description: Special to Global News by Declan Keogh, Ryerson University, fellow at Concordia University's Institute for Investigative Journalism & Megan Robinson and Andrew Russell with Global News Posted November 5, 2019
Link: https://globalnews.ca/news/6128756/safe-water-lead-testing-ontario/
“Lead was used as a material for water pipes until 1975 and in solder used to join pipes until 1986”.,
” A water filter certified for lead should remove lead to undetectable levels.
Make sure that lead is listed on the package and look for filters certified by the International National Sanitation Foundation to the NSF/ANSI 53 or NSF/ANSI 58 standards.”
“…sample the water after a minimum six-hour stagnation period, during which no faucets or showers in the building have been used or toilets flushed — usually first thing in the morning or after returning from work. Lead leaching is highest in July and August when the pipes are warmest.”
“Health Canada has set the maximum acceptable concentration of lead in drinking water at five micrograms per litre, or five parts per billion (ppb). “
“ The provincial recommendation in Ontario remains at 10 ppb.”
“Scientists agree there is no level of lead that is considered safe. …Lead exposure, even at low levels, is especially risky for fetuses, babies and young children because it interferes with brain development.”
“There is no law in Ontario that requires a landlord to replace a lead service line.”
“ Nearly a third of all Ontario schools and daycares had at least one test result that was above 5 parts per billion (ppb) between April 2016 and March 2018.”
“Since 2007, the Ontario government has been requiring child care centres and schools to flush the plumbing in their facilities and test drinking water for lead. New amendments to Ontario Regulation 243/07, which took effect July 1, 2017, require lead testing within these facilities for all fixtures used to provide drinking water and/or prepare food or drink for children under 18.”
Is there lead in your water pipes? Check out Montreal's interactive map to find out
“ The city says affected homeowners should have already received a letter explaining the steps to replace the service line, including screening, work schedules and health tips, such as installing a filtration pitcher.”
“Anyone who did not receive a letter can check their home's risk on the city's interactive map .”
Canada just cut the amount of lead allowed in water in half — here's what it means
Description: CBC News article (Hamilton – The New Wave, posted Mar 25 2019
“The water comes out of the plant lead-free and right down your street lead-free. It's when it takes the turn on the service line attaching to your home, or perhaps with the fixtures and plumbing within your home, you could have lead.”
"Anything beyond the curb is your responsibility as a homeowner," he explained, adding the average water replacement costs anywhere between $3,500 and $4,000.”
“…there's a lot of work to be done around educating the homeowner as to the concerns of lead and perhaps making this identified in a home inspection at the time of a sale — similar to the way we need to identify asbestos or bad wiring. What would be even better to help with the costs is some type of grant or a tax rebate from the provincial or federal levels…”
Quebec cuts level of lead allowed in drinking water
Link: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/lead-water-quebec-1.5331743
Description: CBC News article posted Oct 23 2019
“Quebec will be the first province to adopt the new federal standard.”
“Union des municipalités du Québec (UMQ) said that its members are taking the issue of lead contamination seriously.”
"It is unfair that [those] who don't have enough money to change their plumbing have to drink lead,"
“… water samples will be collected as soon as the tap is turned on after a stagnation period of 30 minutes. …the previous sampling method does not lead to an accurate measurement of the lead levels.”
Some cities are digging up water mains and leaving lead pipe in the ground
Description: Article by Michael Phillis, The Associated Press, Posted Jul 9, 2023
(CityNews Kitchener)
“utilities have been leaving lead pipe in the ground even when it is easiest to remove during water main work. Worse, they have been removing sections, disturbing the pipe and leaving the rest, which can spike lead levels, causing harm that will last a lifetime, an investigation by The Associated Press has found.”
““I can’t but think of partial replacements as immoral because they involve a witting decision by government agencies to leave residents at continued risk of exposure,” said Lambrinidou”( Yanna Lambrinidou, medical anthropologist at Virginia Tech and co-founder of the Campaign for Lead Free Water) Utilities, she said, have tried to reduce costs and dodge responsibility.
“Even some cities that are committed to taking out lead pipe say they have too few resources and local rules can get in the way.”
“Many cities say they can leave the pipes and use chemical treatment instead. But that isn’t foolproof…” “It hasn’t been easy for Detroit. Officials had to hunt for state and federal funds to keep water bills under control. They hold neighborhood meetings and distribute water filters.”
ELSEWHERE NORTH AMERICA:
Biden-Harris Administration Issues Final Rule to Replace Lead Pipes Within a Decade
Description: October 8 2024, announcement of commitment to replace remaining lead water pipe infrastructure in all American cities within the next decade.
“EPA is also investing an additional $2.6 billion for drinking water upgrades and lead pipe replacements, funded by President Biden’s landmark Bipartisan Infrastructure Law”
“President Biden secured a historic $15 billion in dedicated funding for lead pipe replacement, and hundreds of thousands of Americans have already had their lead pipes replaced.”
“No level of lead exposure is safe. Yet, due to decades of inequitable infrastructure development and underinvestment, lead poisoning disproportionately affects low-income communities”
“the EPA estimates that every year, this final rule will prevent up to 900,000 infants from being born with low birthweight, stop up to 200,000 IQ points lost in children, and reduce up to 1,500 cases of premature death from heart disease.”
The end of lead pipes: An engineer's take on the historic national effort to eliminate them
Link: https://phys.org/news/2024-10-pipes-historic-national-effort.html
Description: Article by Yvaine Ye, University of Colorado at Boulder
“The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced this month that it will require utilities to replace all lead drinking water pipes serving customers in the country within the next decade…The rule comes a decade after the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, when the city's failure in water treatment exposed nearly 30,000 schoolchildren to lead, a neurotoxin that can impact children's brains and nervous systems.”
“Unlike some other contaminants of concern, there is no safe level of lead, which means that there's no concentration or dose below which we don't experience adverse effects.”
“…as long as these lead service lines are present, they pose a potential risk, and a long-term plan to remove this potential risk is in the best interest of public health.”
Lead Contamination in Water: Flint Water Crisis Update
National Law Review - Deborah Greenspan of Blank Rome LLP, January 2025
https://natlawreview.com/article/lead-contamination-water-flint-water-crisis-update
Scientists Now Know Exactly How Lead Got Into Flint’s Water
Ben Panko Smithsonian Magazine Feb 2017
Program to replace lead pipes in Boston off to slow start
Link: https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/boston-replace-lead-pipes-free/
Description: CBS article (WBZ news) by Mike Sullivan, March 20, 2024
“At the start of 2023, the Boston Sewer and Water Commission (BSWC) launched a free program to replace lead service lines that carry water from the public supply to homes.”
"Lead pipes, where they are present, are the single biggest contributor to lead contamination," said Ronnie Levin, a Harvard professor and researcher who spent decades working for the EPA.
NY on the hook for lead pipe replacements
Description: Article BY COLIN KINNIBURGH New York Focus, Oct 14, 2024
“Lead exposure in childhood and in the womb can cause severe cognitive damage, which has been linked to everything from decreased reading and math skills to increased crime and incarceration rates among adults.”
Concerned About Lead in Your Drinking Water? Choose a Filter Certified to Reduce Lead
NSF Nov 2019
Link - https://www.nsf.org/news/concerned-about-lead-drinking-water-choose-filter-certified-to-reduce-lead
NSF urges the use of drinking water treatment and filtration devices that are independently tested and certified to reduce lead
Lead Industry Influence in the 21st Century: An Old Playbook for a “Modern Metal”
By Perry Gottesfeld
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36179300/
Description: Article about how industrial lobbyists continue to promote the use of lead despite the known health hazards.
“Industry influence has slowed regulation, fought off third-party consensus standards, and defended against lead product bans.”
Related: Deceit and Denial, by Gerald Markowitz (Author), David Rosner (Author)
Description: The book Deceit and Denial details the attempts by the chemical and lead industries to deceive Americans about the dangers that their deadly products present to workers, the public, and consumers.
Related: The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes “A MODEST CAMPAIGN”
Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2509614/
Description: National Library of Medicine article by Richard Rabin
“Lead pipes for carrying drinking water were well recognized as a cause of lead poisoning by the late 1800s in the United States. By the 1920s, many cities and towns were prohibiting or restricting their use. To combat this trend, the lead industry carried out a prolonged and effective campaign to promote the use of lead pipes.
Do you have lead pipes in your home?
Link https://apps.npr.org/find-lead-pipes-in-your-home/en/#intro
INTERNATIONAL
World Health Organization Fact Sheet, Lead poisoning
Link - https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
Key facts:
“Exposure to lead can affect multiple body systems and is particularly harmful to young children and women of child-bearing age.”
“Lead is distributed to the brain, liver, kidney and bones. It is stored in the teeth and bones, where it can accumulate over time. Human exposure is assessed through the measurement of lead in blood.”
“Lead exposure was attributed to more than 1.5 million deaths globally in 2021, primarily due to cardiovascular effects.”
“Lead in bone is released into blood during pregnancy and becomes a source of exposure to the developing fetus.”
“There is no level of exposure to lead that is known to be without harmful effects.”
“The harmful impacts on health from lead exposure are entirely preventable.”
OTHER WEBSITES:
Thousands of Canadians have lead in their drinking water. Do you?
by Vanessa Milne Maureen Taylor Mar 10, 2016
Link: https://healthydebate.ca/2016/03/topic/lead-drinking-water/
“There are 35,000 homes in Toronto with lead pipes, and about 165,000 more across the country.
In adults, chronic lead exposure appears to increase the risk of hypertension, with a doubling of blood level leading to an increase in blood pressure of about 1 mm Hg. But the highest risks are for children who are under six years old and for pregnant women. They include lowered IQ scores and behavioural issues such as ADHD.
To start, municipalities should let homeowners know that they may have lead pipes”
Everything Homeowners Need To Know About Lead Pipes: The Hidden Risks Of Older Homes
Link: https://johntheplumber.ca/lead-pipe-replacement/
Description: content on vendor website
“Damage to the Nervous System: Both in children and adults, lead exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, potentially leading to decreased mental and physical function.”
“Plumbing Issues: Beyond health concerns, lead pipes can also cause plumbing issues. They are prone to corrosion and may result in leaks, which can lead to water damage in your home.”
“Lead pipes were commonly used as a home construction material in Canada during the early to mid-20th century. They were prevalent in residential plumbing systems, particularly from the late 1800s to the mid-1950s. Homes constructed during this period, especially those built before the 1950s, are more likely to have lead pipes or plumbing fixtures that contain lead.”
Lead Service Line Replacement
Description: EEI Infographic of three types of methods used for lead service line replacements
“Three types of construction methods are currently being utilized for lead service line replacements - open cut trenching, directional drilling, and lead extraction. There are pros and cons for each method, and various environmental conditions may dictate which method is best suited for each service line replacement.”
What to Expect from a Lead Service Line Replacement Lead Service Line Replacement
Description: Video and article showing typical process for lead service line replacement
“Lead service line replacement programs are a collaboration between the utility and customers.
Both sides must work together to get the lead out.”
Planning a Successful LSLR Program, What to expect from a lead service line replacement program
Link: https://www.cdmsmith.com/en/Client-Solutions/Insights/Lead-Service-Line-Replacement-Programs
Description: CDM Smith web article about rolling out a lead service line replacement program
“The key to a successful lead service line replacement program is really on the planning side with logistics and data management; the actual work to replace a lead service line is fairly straightforward utilizing established trenchless technologies,”