Despite the well-established links between air pollution and human health, vegetation, and aquatic ecosystems, less attention has been paid to the potential impact of reactive atmospheric gases and aerosols on avian species. In this literature review, we summarize findings published since 1950 regarding avian responses to air pollution and discuss knowledge gaps that could be addressed in future studies. We find consistent evidence for adverse health impacts on birds attributable to exposure to gas-phase and particulate air pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), smoke, and heavy metals, as well as mixtures of urban and industrial emissions. Avian responses to air pollution include respiratory distress and illness, increased detoxification effort, elevated stress levels, immunosuppression, behavioural changes, and impaired reproductive success. Exposure to air pollution may furthermore reduce population
density, species diversity, and species richness in bird communities.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1696469517315302/
https://consult.environment-agency.gov.uk/psc/tr13-0az-richland-foods-limited-draft-decision/